496 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Optimum reflux ratio This does not alter the basic operation, but complicates the analysis of the process, to Than one feed, and with side streams withdrawn at points up the column, Figure 11.1b. To as tops and bottoms, from a single feed. Figure 11.1ashows a column producing two product streams, referred Volatile components is increased and this is called the enrichment, or more commonly, the Above the feed, the concentration of the more In the section below the feed, the more volatile components are stripped from the liquidĪnd this is known as the stripping section. Distillation column ( a ) Basic column ( b ) Multiple feeds and side streams
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Is returned to the top of the column to provide liquid flow above the feed point (reflux),Īnd part of the liquid from the base of the column is vaporised in the reboiler and returnedįigure 11.1. Part of the condensate from the condenser The vapour and liquidĪre brought into contact on plates, or packing. Vapourįlows up the column and liquid counter-currently down the column. The basic equipment required for continuous distillation is shown in Figure 11.1. The greater the relative volatilities, the easier the separation. The separation of liquid mixtures by distillation depends on differences in volatilityīetween the components. CONTINUOUS DISTILLATION: PROCESS DESCRIPTION This isĪ relatively simple procedure when the feed is a binary mixture, but a complexĪnd difficult task when the feed contains more than two components (multicomponent The principal step will be to determine the stage and reflux requirements.
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#Depriester chart hd manuals
Fraction-Ītion Research’s design manuals will, however, be available to design engineers whoseĬompanies are subscribing members of the organisation. Literature and it has not been possible to refer to their methods in this book. Since their work is of a proprietary nature, it is not published in the open Inc., an organisation set up with the resources to carry out experimental work on full. In recent years, most of the work done to develop reliable design methods for distillationĮquipment has been carried out by a commercial organisation, Fractionation Research Is essential to the understanding of distillation and other equilibrium-staged processes (1980), Hengstebeck (1976), Kister (1992).Ī good understanding of methods used for correlating vapour-liquid equilibrium data Will be given a fuller discussion can be found in Volume 2, and in other text books King
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Only a brief review of the fundamental principles that underlie the design procedures Practised since antiquity, to the fractionation of crude oil. Lation processes, the basic construction features, and many of the design methods, alsoĪpply to other multistage processes such as stripping, absorption and extraction.ĭistillation is probably the most widely used separation process in the chemical andĪllied industries its applications ranging from the rectification of alcohol, which has been This chapter covers the design of separating columns. CHAPTER 11 Separation Columns (Distillation, Absorption and Extraction) 11.1.